Deportation of Armenians from the Caucasus
1. RESETTLEMENT OF THE ARMENIANS FROM IRAN
According to article 15 of the Turkmanchai Treaty signed on February10,1828 the Armenian people living in Iran were given the right to enter Russia freely as members of the Empire. Without any obsticles from the government or the local authorities they were to pay no taxes or customs on their properties, things for sale and immovable properties. A period of one year was fixed for taking ard selling movable properties. As to immovable properties, a 5 year period was fixed for selling or giving over power of attorney for them.
Preparatory actions had begun as far as 1827. According to count Paskevich- Erivanskiy’s special command from Peterburg that colonel Lazarev (Egizar Lasaryan) who had been prestigious among the Armenians, was taken at Paskevich’s disposal. At the beginning of October, 1827 Lasarev had already been a member of a group, which aims were to carry on work among the Southern Azerbaijan Armenians and later he was given a new assignement as a commendant of Tebriz (in Iran).
A question of resettlement of the Iranian Armenians into the newly occupied territories had exactly been raised on the Russian Ambassador to Iran A.S.Griboyedov’s initiative.Actually the Russian Government had plan to resettle 80.000 Cossacks on the bordering Iranian territories. This plan lost validity.
While in November, 1828 the negotiations were taking place in Dergargan between Russia and Iran, there was also a meeting between Griboyedov and Paskevich. Archbishop Nerses sent from Hoy (Iran) a delegation to Griboyedov Paskevich meeting in which its members asked them for a show of concern for the resettlement of Armenians.
In December in his letter to Sinyalin, the military governor of Tiflis (Georgia), Paskevich mentioned that 15,000 Greeks and Armenians, living around Urmiya (Iran) , wanted to resettle in Russian regions. But Sinyalin suggested an idea to settle them in the regions of Irevan (now the capital city of Armenia) and Nakhichevan( part of Azerbaijan).
Immediately after the Turkmenchai Treaty had been signed on February 14, 1878, Lazarev in his report to Paskevich reminded him that during the Russian- Iranian war the Armenians did everything possible on behalf of Russia and now they want to leave their homes and resettle in Russia. In order to ensure fast and comfortable resettlement Lazarev suggested:
1. He asked to be in charge of the resettlement matters. He also asked Paskevich for documents stating which provisions would be made for the settlers;
2. In order to supervise the resettlement it had be within his power to determine the necessary number of the Armenian speaking staff and chief officers;
3. That the Russian Army should be on call in the new places where the climate could cause a delay of the settlement and also to escort the settlers;
4. That the Treasury should provide appropriate means for poor settlers.
In order to satisfy all these requests on February 26 Paskevich sent special instructions to Lazarev and to the Irevan temporary leadership. In the 15 articles of the proposal the following was noted : the Christian settlers who had been traders had to be settled in cities to restart their businesses ; villagers should be provided with enough fertile land and for 6 years they would be released from paying taxes and for 3 years would be released from obligations; the families ready to resettle should be provided with special documents and a list of concessions to be granted within that document; those to be resettled had to be divided into groups which were to be numbered between 150 to 300 families. It was important to send the settlers to the regions of Irevan and Nakhichevan to increase the christian population in those regions as much as possible. Each group had to be provided with an Armenian speaking officer and 3-4 Cossacks as protectors; as soon as the families had started the journey the Irevan temporary administration had to be informed about the number of families; the climates of the regions in which they had lived , their occupations, the herds they had had and approximate time when they supposedly reach the border.
Poor families were alloted 25,000 manats (Azerbaijani currency)* in silver from the Russian Treasury for resettlement. Lazarev and his Armenian officers’s duty was to ensure the settlers’ reach the border. And this duty was considered to have been finished. Furthen on, the leadership of the resettlement was handed over to a cmmitee that was set up and connected to the Irevan temporary administration. The commitee members met the settlers on the border and accompanied them to the resettlement areas. All over Karabagh (Azerbaijan) this duty was handed over to Abxazov, the chief of the customs military district. (5)
Paskevich wrote an order consisting of 16 articles to the Irevan temporary administration , and noted that the commitee had to allot areas of land according to the number of members of each family. And take them to their new homes. The commitee had to resettle the villages separately, creating neighbourhoods similar to the ones they had lived before. In order to keep up the traditions and the life they had been accoustomed to and to protect the settlers from diseases and death as much as possible, those who had lived in mountinous areas had to be resettled in mountinous areas, those who had lived in lowlands had to be resettled in lowlands. Settling of christians in muslim villages were to be avoided, separate christian districts and regions had to be organised. According to the Treaty the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the muslim or christian villages should be followed by sending there staff. The staff had to accompany the settlers and it was decided to resettle people first from Maragan as the withdrawal had started there on March 8. The Armenians living not far from Karabagh ,in the village Uzumjy and around, decided to resettle in Karabagh.
It was necessary that christians who had lived among christians should be settled near their co-religionists. Those few who were muslims were resettled near other muslims. Before the harvest had been gathered all the settlerswould lend equal amounts of money for the first crops and debts could be paid over a 6 year period. Good conditions and good drinking water would have to be taken into account when choosing a place to settle in. Special reports about the settlement of each family and accounts of general expenditures should be formed.
But afterwards in most cases the requests of both proposals were not fulfilled. Lazarev sent delegations to the Armenian communities in Iran to attempt to resettle them by force and thus breaking the Turkmenchai Treaty and orders given to them. In connection with that Abbas Mirza twice appealed to colonel Lazarev that he put an end to the forced resettlement of Armenians and to fulfill the turms of the Turkmenchai Treaty. The archbishop Nerses in his appeal to count Paskevich asked him to give instructions to the local commendant of Khoy (Iran) to remove the bishop of the Sahmas monastery, Israely from his post and exile him to Echmiadzin (in Armenia) because of his opposition to the forced resetllement.
At the same time Abbas Mirza was concerned about the mass resetllement of Armenians along the Russian- Iranian border and tried to block this process. And because of this his representatives visited the Armenians at settlements and tried to persuade them to move. If they didn’t agree Mirza’s representatives promised them that they would pay no taxes for the next 6 years.
In March 1828 Lasarev appealed to the christians after observing the delay of the resettlement process. He faced many obsticles. At the beginning of his appeal he noted that some malevolent people had frightened those who wanted to move Spreading rumours and misinformation. He also explaned the conscessions offered to them by Russia. He wrote, In Russia you’ll have equal rights with the subjects of His Magesty(the Tsar), you’ll forget all your troubles. There you’ll find a new motherland populated by Christians and will never ever see the humiliations of your sacred religion.You’ll see a gathiering in one place of the christians from different regions of Iran. Hurry up! Time is valuable. Soon the Russian Army will leave Iran and your resettlement will be more difficult and well not be responsible for your safe and peaceful resettlement. Even though you may suffer at first, in a short period of time you’ll achieve everything you once had. Moreover this new good life will be for ever. ( 9)
Azerbaijani Native Muslims Resettled Iranian Armenians ArmeniansNehrem - 193 93Karahanboylu - 81 26Tumbul 9 62 12Yarinja 13 48 14Gultepe - 113 37Kazanji 10 58 -Benenyar - 72 12Erasin - 61 7Kuznut - 75 19Nakhichevan city 114 392 285------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Altogether, in theregion of Nakhichevan 290 1632 943
From the table it is obvious that most of the settlers were resettled in the villages with the overwhelming majority of muslims. In the villages where there were mixed populations of Armenians and muslims it can be seen that onlya few settlers were introduced to these communities. To create a balance Griboyedov suggested that 500 families from Nakhichevan were resettled in Derelyeze. Later his proposal was acted on.
In 1829 in his final report to count Paskevich- Erivanskiy on the result of the resettlement of the christians in the regions of Russia, colonel Lazarev noted that the resettlement began on February 26, 1828 and ended on June 11. During that period of time 8,249 christian families (100 families were Aysor, others were Armenians) had been resettled in Irevan, Nakhichevan and the region of Karabaghh. From the Treasury 1500 gold and 400 silver manats were spent on the resettlement. About 1,500 Armenian families, who also wanted to move, stayed in Iran because Lazarev couldn’t make it possible.
At the beginning of 1828 on the instructions of count Paskevich- Erivansky a collegiate assessor (government agent), I.Shopen added the names to the village population records in which they had resettled.
In 1852 the results of this registration were complied in 20 handrwritten volumes. He called it “A Historical Document Commemorating the Era of Armenians Joining the Russian Empire”. According to the statistics 366 families consisting of 1,100 members were settled in Nakhichevan and 36 families consisting of 182 people were settled in Ordubad city. Emmigrant Armenians were settled in 119 villages in Irevan, 68 villages in Nakhichevan and 11 villages in Ordubad (respectively).
Generally speaking 4,599 families consisting of 23,568 people were settled in Irevan; 2,137 families consisting of 10,652 Armenians in Nakhichevan; 250 families consisting of 1,340 Armenians in Ordubad.
After Iranian Armenians had resettled in the newly organised Armenian territories, their number reached 60,681 people (11,377 families), whereas there were 81,749 muslims (non-Armenians) (16,078 families) and 25,135 Armenians (4,428 families) before. And so their number increased from 24% to 43%.
If taking into consideration the fact that altogether out of 8,249 families resettled from Iran , 6,949 were settled in the Armenian region , then one can come to the conclusion that the other 1,300 families were resettled in Karabagh (in Azerbaijan) and Zangezur( in Azerbaijan).
2. RESETTLEMENT OF THE ARMENIANS FROM TURKEY
Having been inspired by the victory of the Iranian- Russian war (1826-1828), on June 14, 1828 Paskevich troops attacked Western Anatolia with an army of 12,000 soldiers by crossing the Arpachai river near Gumru and seized the Kars Castle on June 23. They continued their attacks capturing Axalkay on June 24, Axiska- on August 15, Erdahan- on August 22, Beyazid- on August 28. In summer 1828 the Russian Army also captured Erzurum, Mush, Oltunu and Bayburt.
Armenian troops and the Armenians, living in Western Anatolia, played an important part in the victory of the Russian army over the Turkish troops. In the Armenian region , established at the beginning of the war, infantry and cavalry detachments consisting of 2,800 were formed. In most cases these detachments were on the frontlines fighting for the Russian Army. After the first two Russian-Iranian wars the Azerbaijanian Turks from the territory of the Irevan Khan state( city- state of Armenia) took refuge in Eastern Anatolia, which was under control of Turks (the territory of Turkey).
In 1801 the Russians occupied Georgia. During that time the so- called terekeme turks of Borchali, Kazakh and Karapapack( all Turkish origin) took refuge in the villages of Childir and Arpachai.(2) It were the Azerbaijanis who were slaughtered and suffered most during the Russian attacks in Eastern Anatolia and they were also the ones who were forced to resettle. Using the official documents in his research, the Turkish historian Kemal Beydili described the tragedy of refugees (in general and Azerbaijani in particular) of that period on “ The Armenian resettlement from Eastern Anatolia to Russia during the Ottoman-Russian war in 1828-1829”. He told, “ Having seen that the way forward is free, the Armenians, who had occupied Erzurum, moved towards Beyburd and terrorized the surrounding villages. The people living around had two choises- to surrender to Russians or set off to unknown destinations or scatter. Hence those living in Kars and Axiska took refuge in the villages around Erzurum and Erzinjan, made their way to Eastern Karahisar and its outskirts”.( 3)
In August, 1829 the Russian army, coming from the Balkan frontline, approached Istanbul. Sultan Mahmud II asked for peace. And thus on September 2 The Edirne Treaty was signed. According to the Treaty, Axalkelek and Ahiska (now part of Georgia) became part of Russia. The other occupied territories of Eastern Anatolia were decided to be given back to Turkey. According to article 13 of the Edirne Treaty, Armenians who were staying on the occupied Turkish territories, were given a right to enter Russia freely with their belongings over period of 18 months. When the Russian army started to withdrawl from Kars, Erdahan, Beyazid, Erzurum and other regions Turkish Armenians, who betrayed Turkey, had found themselves in a desperate situation. In order to save Armenians from this situation, the commanders of the Russin troops began to resettle Armenians to newly occupied Russian territories, thereby creating a christian majority along the Russian- Turkish border. On October 10, 1829 Paskevich reported the tsar Nickolai I that “the 2,000 Armenians fought in the ranks with our soldiers in Beyazid... In Erzurum the majority of christian population celebrated their religious holiday...A battilion, consisting of volunteers Armenians, was organized in Kars. Inevitable danger hung oevr their families numbering in 10,000... Please take care of these unhappy victims and don’t let Ottomans take vengeance on Armenians who showed their love for Russia... That’s why I dare to ask you to give me the power to resettle the Armenians in Georgia and Armenia. In my opinion approximately 50 silver rouble (Russian currency) for each family will be enough.”(4)
On November 18 the military minister, Chernishev in his reply to Paskevich, noted that the Tsar liked his proposal. Immediately after that Paskevich started to act. In his letter to the estate Governor of Georgia Paskevich noted that with his permission the christians living in the Turkish Empire, who wanted to resettle in Russia and Georgia without demanding any financial assistance, would be provided with passes to embark (to set off) by local troop commanders. A lot of refugees used it as a means to embark to to their new destinations in the Russian territory. Resettlers from Kars and its surrounding villages, settled in Alayaz (Alagoz) which had a similar climate. General Pankratyev informed Paskevich that 95 families were given passes to resettle in Loru Canyon. Also major-general Bereman informed Paskevich that he provided asses to 4,000 families who left Kars and were making their way to Gumru. Paskevich organized a special commitee to manage the resettlement. The committee had to obey to by- laws of the 12 articles. They were the following:
1. The resettlement Committee had to give orders concerning the resettlers as they were entering the Russian territory.
2. The Committee was to continue acting until the resettlement process ended. Also assist the farmers with starting new farms.The Committee should give a report to the chief commendment and from there on desist.
3. The Committee was to immediately start collecting information about the land grants from the Georgian government and surrounding regions.
4. All the resettlers should be divided into groups: 1) merchants and second- hand dealers; 2) craftsmen; 3) farmers. During the resettlement merchants and craftsmen should be settled in cities or urban areas where they can set up businesses. The farmers should be settled in the country hence climate conditions should be taken into account. Yelizavetpol (now Ganja) and other cities and regions have some unsettled areas. And craftsmen and merchants can be settled there by the committee.
5. The Committee while demanding the lists of resettlers from Turkey should also demand information about the resettlers’ origins and thier occupations.
6. The Committee should try to resettle the farmers as a whole, but if this is not impossible , they should be resettled in groups based on origin.
7. The Committee should provide the settlers with an adequate amount of land.
8. The settlers should be settled on state lands as a whole, but in case if there is not enough land to go around, they can be settled on the land belonging to church and privately owned properties.
9. The settlers should be free from taxes over a 6-year- period and free from land duties over a period of 3 years.
10. Mixing of newly resettled christian villages with muslim villages should be avoided. For muslims separate districts should be formed.
11. While resettling it is important to choose places which are comfortable to live in, beautiful and have clean drinking water.
12. Each family should be given approximately 25 roubles in silver (Russian currency).
Time given for the resettlement by this order was followed closely to the letter. In present Armenia and Georgia, as well as in Azerbaijani regions like Ganjabasar and Karabag, resettled Armenians were settled side by side forming close knit communities in beautiful villages , warm climates, in mountain valleys which had pure water and in good cities.
On January 22, 1830 in Paskevich’s order to Chernishev, it was noted that according to his instruction 2,500 resettled families from Kars and its surrounding regions were settled in the abandoned villages of Eleyez, where climate was similar to their former homelands.( 7)
The Turkish government showed a concer n about resettling from its territories of the Armenians who were dispersed throughout its territory but were now compacted into one area along the borderline. Thus the Turks decided to forgive Armenians’ betrayal and massacres, as a stratiegic move against the Russians. It was also decided not to make them answerable for anything. On February 17 an amnesty for local Armenians was announced. Notwithstanding this the katalikos* of Erzurum Armenians realized the severity of the crimes commited. He was sure that they would be held accountable for everything.( 8)
Turkey sent overt and covert agents to Erzurum, Kars, Eleshirg and other paces which were occupied by Russians/ or Armenians, but then were rescued, in order to stop the Armenian emmigration. Pankratyev, who was the head of the resettlement on the occupied territories, sent a complaint letter to Paskevich in which he noted that obsticles were put in order to prevent the emmigration of the Armenians from Erzurum. Also Turks obstructed Armenians from selling their belongings and lands.(9)
In order to resolve the question of the sale of Armenian lands, Paskevich sent major Vannikov as a representative to Erzurum. But some time ago, i.e. during the war, the Armenian villages had been once muslim ones. Armenians had to resettle in safe places; these were bought them from muslims. For example, in Kars the Armenians took possession of over 80 villages in theeir entirety and another 15 villages were partially overtaken. Meanwhile the Turkish were leaving the territories occupied by Russia (namely Axalkelek and Axiska). Income made from selling of belongings and lands of the Turkish evacuating the territories which were occupied by Russians and entering Turkey, were not given compensation for them properly.
*head of Armenian-Gregorian Church
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